VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory: There could be single, double or triple covalent bonds between two elements depending on the number of electrons being shared. Packing of ions of opposite charges to form ionic solidsĬonditions required of formation of ionic bonds:Ĭovalent bond is formed between two non-metals by sharing of electrons.Įlectron pairs which participate in bonding are called bond pairs.Įlectron pairs which do not participate in bonding are called lone pairs. Steps involved in formation of an ionic bond: : (ii) Carbon-oxygen bond lengths in carboxylate ion are equal due to resonance.įormation of ionic bond takes place between a metal and a non-metal by transfer of electron. Example: Resonance of O 3Ī and B are resonating or canonical structures and C is the resonance hybrid Incomplete octet for the central atom: LiCl, BeH 2 and BCl 3Įxpanded octet for the central atom: PF 5, SF 6 and H 2 SO 4įormal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure.įormal charge = įor molecules and ions showing resonance it is not possible to draw a single Lewis structure.Īll the properties of such species can only be explained by two or more Lewis structures. Species with odd number of electrons : NO, NO 2 , Lone pairs or ‘non-bonded’ electrons are represented by ‘dots’.Įlectrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons. Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a ‘dash’ (-) usually called a ‘bond’. Octet Rule:Ītoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond.
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